Legged robots

MICRO-507

Media

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Course summary

The course presents the design, control, and applications of legged robots. It gives a review of different types of legged robots (including two-, four- and multi-legged robots) and different control approaches for legged locomotion. A few selected control approaches will be analyzed more in-depth. The course also trains students in making critical analysis of key articles in the field, and in designing their own legged robot models and locomotion controllers in simulation.

Grading: Student presentations of articles 20% of grade, projects 50%, and written exam 30%. Work for the presentations and the projects will be done by groups of 3 students.

Presentations of articles: Students will chose one article among a list of key articles in legged robots. The purpose is to carefully read the article, critically analyze its pros and cons, and present it to the class. The presentation will be graded by the professor and teaching assistants (TAs). The list of articles will soon be provided, and a schedule will be organized after 2-3 weeks. Each student in the 3-person team should participate to the presentation.

Projects: The two projects will be done in Python. The goal will be to control the locomotion of a simulated quadruded robot. The first project will involve developing a model-based controller. The second project will involve using Deep Reinforcement Learning. For both projects, student teams will need to hand in a single scientific report, their programming code, and movies of their results.

Written exam: The exam will cover the theoretical aspects of the course. It will cover material from the lectures (by Auke Ijspeert and guest lecturers), and the student presentations of articles. It will take place during the semester, most likely on December 9 (to be confirmed).

Assistants: Louis.Gevers@epfl.ch and Javier.Pey@epfl.ch (main assistants), Astha.Gupta@epfl.ch,  Chuanfang.Ning@epfl.ch,  Lixuan.Tang@epfl.ch (PhD student teaching assistants) and zhuoran.ren@epfl.ch, advaith.sriram@epfl.ch, alifuat.sahin@epfl.ch, theo.lemonnier@epfl.ch, mehmet.dogan@epfl.ch, as MSc student teaching assistants.

The lectures and practicals will be given in INF2Lectures are on Tuesdays from 10:15 to 12:00, and practicals from 13:15 to 15:00.


September 9, Introduction + lecture 1 + mini-practices

This first lecture gives a short introduction about the content and organization of the course (including the miniprojects). It also covers the history of legged robots, mechanical design choices, and pros of cons of legged versus wheeled robots. The lecture is given from 10:15 to 12:00. And is followed by the practical session from 13:15 to 15:00.


September 16, Lecture 2 + mini-practices

Overview of gait definitions, pendulum models, stability criteria and different locomotion metrics.


September 23, Lecture 3 + mini-practices

Overview of different control approaches.


September 30, Lecture 4 + Project 1

Overview of bio-inspired control approaches in the Biorobotics lab.

October 7, Lecture 5 by Prof. Marco Hutter (AFTERNOON)

Guest lecture by Prof. Marco Hutter on Zoom. Note: his lecture will exceptionally be at 13:15 instead of 10:15, so lectures and practicals are inversed for once.  The lecture will be projected in the normal lecture room INF 2. It would be nice if most of you could be present there, but if you need to connect from elsewhere, here is the zoom link:  https://epfl.zoom.us/j/68887188927?pwd=Tcc1KoSAYibcosgHrPBbqQC4XspUga.1


October 14, Lecture 6 by Prof. Sangbae Kim (Recorded)

Auke Ijspeert is at a conference this week. Instead of the lecture in the morning (no need to come from 10:15-12:00), we provide here the recorded lecture of Prof. Sangbae Kim of 2 years ago. Sangbae Kim is famous for his work on the MIT Cheetah robots. That lecture provides interesting insights into the concept of physical intelligence, a type of intelligence that relies strongly on the embodiment and the physical interactions with the environment.

The practicals will be like normal from 13:15 to 15:00.

Possible exam questions:
  • What are the challenges of physical intelligence (as opposed to "traditional" Artificial intelligence that is more focused on data than physical interactions)?
  • what could be good components for achieving physical intelligence, both in terms of hardware and software?
  • Is our language adapted for describing physical intelligence? if not, what is missing?



October 28, Lecture 7 by Dr Guillaume Bellegarda + Project 2

Guest lecture by Dr Guillaume Bellegarda on deep reinforcement learning approaches to locomotion control.


November 4, Article presentations (Theme: Quadruped Learning)

Article titleArticle number Group
Peng_et_al_RSS2020_Learning_Agile_Robotic_Locomotion  45 14
Agrawal et al. - 2022 - Vision-Aided Dynamic Quadrupedal Locomotion on Dis 02 23
Cheng_et_al_ICRA2024_Extreme_Parkour_Legged_Robots 06 24
Lee_et_al_2020_Learning_Quadrupedal_Locomotion_Challenging.pdf 33 25
Rudin_2025_parkour_in_the_wild 54 12
Hoeller et al 2024-ScienceRobotics_Learning_ANYmal_Parkour 55 09



November 11, Article presentations (Theme: Quadruped Learning + Hybrid Learning)

ArticleArticle number Group
Song_2024_learning_quadruped_locomotion_using_differentiable_simulation 62 10
Zhang_2025_Motion Priors Reimagined: Adapting Flat-Terrain Skills for Complex Quadruped Mobility
 75 01
He_2025_attention_based_map_encoding_for_learning_generalized_legged_locomotion
 17 11
Lee_et_al_SciRob2024_Learning_Navigation_Locomotion_Wheeled_Legged_Robots.pdf
 34 22
Lu_2025_learning_stable_biped_locomotion_skills_for_quadrupedal_robots
 37 16
Vollenweider et al. 2023 Advanced_Skills_through_Multiple_AMP
 67 13


November 18, Article presentations (Theme: Hybrid Learning + Humanoid Learning + Design/Opti/Bioinspired)

Article Article numberGroup
 Zhao_2025_bipedalism_for_quadruped_robots_using_risk-adaptive_reinforcement_learning 74 06
Cheng et al 2024_RSS_Learning_Whole-Body_Control_Humanoid_Robots.pdf
 05
 17
Long_2024_learning humanoid locomotion with perceptive internal model
 36 03
Radosavovic et al 2024_ScienceRobotics_Realworld_humanoid_locomotion_RL.pdf
 51 21
Jenelten et al. - 2022 - TAMOLS Terrain-Aware Motion Optimization for Legg
 24 07
Srinivasan_Ruina_Nature_2006_walking_running.pdf
 64 04


November 25, Article presentations (Theme: Design/Opti/Bioinspired + Gaits/Control)

ArticleArticle number Group
Kenneally_et_al_2016_RAL_DirectDrive.pdf
 28 08
Saranli_Buehler_Koditschek_IJRR_2001_RHex.pdf
 57 18
Yasui_et_al_2019_centipede.pdf (Skipped) 73 19
Badri-Spröwitz et al. - 2022 - BirdBot achieves energy-efficient gait with minima
 03 26
Gehring_et_al_ICRA2013_Control_dynamic_gaits_quadrupeds
 13 28
Hobbelen_Wisse_TRO_2008_Limit_Cycle_Walker.pdf
 20 02


December 2, Article presentations (Theme: Gaits/Control)

ArticleArticle numberGroup
Yasui_et_al_2019_centipede.pdf (Rescheduled from last week) 73
 19
Westervelt_Grizzle_Koditschek_TAC_2003_HZD.pdf
 69 05
Margolis et al. - 2022 - Learning to Jump from Pixels
 38 27
Van der Noot et al. - 2018 - Bio-inspired controller achieving forward speed mo
 66 15
Kajita_et_al_ICRA2003_ZMP.pdf
 26 20


December 9, Exam (INF2 + ODY 016) and Mini-project

The written exam will take place on Tue Dec 9, 10:15-12:15, in INF 2 (students with last names from A to L) and ODY 016 (students with last names from M to Z).  The seat choice is free, but make sure to come to the right room. Note that the ODY 016 room is on the remote south-east corner of the campus in the Odyssea tower (the old Swisscom tower) next to the new RTS buildings. Make sure to arrive in time! (unfortunately we could not book another room... ). We will open the doors 5 min before (please arrive for 10:10 and wait until we open). Auke Ijspeert will pass from one to the other in case there are questions.

 Normal lab session in the afternoon.


December 16, only mini-project in the afternoon

Today only the practical session in the afternoon will take place from 13:15 to 15:00. No lecture in the morning!