Thermodynamics of the earth systems

Part 1:  Introduction

Introduction

• Thermodynamic systems:  composition and state; system vs the environment; open or closed or isolated; boundaries of a system and the environment,
• Thermodynamic state and properties of a system: state variables (intensive and extensive). thermodynamic properties

Composition, structure of components of the earth system 

• Composition:  atmosphere, ocean, solid earth
• Pressure, Density, Temperature; variations in the atmosphere, ocean, solid earth

Equation of state

• Ideal gas law
• Kinetic-molecular model of the ideal gas
• Equation of state for air:  Dalton’s law of partial pressures; virtual temperature
• Equation of state for real gases, liquids, and solids
• Equation of state for seawater

Conclusion of Part 1: Introduction

• Hydrostatic equation:  application to ocean and hypothetical constant density atmosphere; solid earth
• Hypsometric equation (atmosphere)
  

In-class worksheets

Part 2:  Framework

First Law of thermodynamics 

• Basic concepts & processes
• Work; expansion work
• Heat: heat capacity, basics of heat transfer mechanisms

First Law of thermodynamics (continued)

• First law: internal energy, enthalpy, specific heats, heat capacity.
• Applications of first law to ideal gases

Entropy and the 2nd law

• Entropy: reversible and irreversible processes; Clausius inequality; Boltzmann-Gibbs statistical picture of entropy
• Heat engines
• 2nd Law of thermodynamics

Part 2: Framework (continued)

• Energy functions; Maxwell Equations
• Definition of Thermodynamic Equilibrium (single component system, multicomponent system).

Phase Equilibria (introduction)

• Gibbs phase rule:  thermodynamic degrees of freedom, phases and components
• Energy in phase changes and chemical reactions

This is the midterm exam week. Please study all the material including lecture 6, and study the worksheets and exercise session materials.

I also am posting an example exam with a formula sheet. The formula sheet will be the same for your exam as well.

Please let me know if you have any questions - otherwise good luck!

Physical chemistry of water solutions – solution thermodynamics

• Activity and chemical potential
• Ideal solutions – Real solutions
• Equilibrium constants
• Some examples from aerosols (deliquescence and water update).

Physical chemistry of water solutions – solution thermodynamics (continued)

• Some examples from aerosols (deliquescence and water update).
• Aerosol thermodynamic models
• The ISORROPIA-II aerosol thermodynamic model

Physical chemistry of water solutions – solution thermodynamics (continued)

• Colligative properties (freezing point depression, boiling point elevation)
• Phase diagram (for single and multiple component system)
• Clausius-Clapeyron equation;